R. C. Kaushik

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R. C. Kaushik

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R. C. Kaushik

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R. C. Kaushik

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R. C. Kaushik , I. M. Qureshi

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The importance of industrial plantations has received due consideration in forestry development plans of the country. In the first two plans (1951-56 and 1956-61), nearly 2,65,800 ha of plantations of valuable species were raised, followed by 84,8OO ha of plantations of quick growing species like Eucalyptus and 2,38,300 ha of economic species like teak, sissoo, rosewood, etc., in the Third Plan (1961-66). During 1966-67, 1967-68, another 2,12,000 ha of plantations of industrial woods were undertaken. During the IV Plan the target for plantations of quick-growing species is envisaged as 4,50,OOO ha at a cost of approximately 310 million rupees. Though the country has more than 1 million ha under plantations today, there are some aspects of silviculture, management and economics of industrial plantations which need immediate attention both in respect of present requirements and future planning to achieve maximum efficiency and benefits. Briefly, these are: (i) Selection of species to suit not only the site but also the end-products. (ii) Size of industrial plantations and diversification of species with due regard to pests and diseases, protection from fire, market trends and technological developments, etc. (iii) Seed supply, testing, and use of improved seeds and provenances. (iv) Plantation techniques, mechanisation, etc. (v) Initial espacement, correlation of growth with productive potential of site. (vi)Use of fertilisers and manures.(vii)Testing for Wood-Quality.(viii)Rotation and Yield.(ix)Economics of Investments and Returns.(x)Research Needs. The paper focusses attention on the above aspects in relation to present conditions and requirements for future.

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R. C. Kaushik , R. N. Kaul , V. P. Subrahmanyam

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R. C. Kaushik , I. M. Qureshi , J. S. P. Yadav , Jai Prakash

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The paper describes the results of an investigation undertaken in November, 1967 and June, 1968, in connection with the All-India Eucalyptus Study Tour and Symposium, in the States of Haryana and Punjab respectively to study the soil conditions supporting good as well as poor growth of Eucalyptus hybrid (Mysore gum) plantations where water was applied in the initial stages. The plantations ranged from one to six years of age (1962-1967) as listed in Table 1. This species fails to grow on the saline alkali soils which have p^H>10 and soluble salt content >0.7% and possess compact indurated sub-soil due to impervious pan, mostly kankar pan. Such sites should not be planted with this species unless soil conditions are reclaimed to the desired level and/or suitable planting method and soil working technique including perforation of impervious pan are adopted to overcome the adverse factors. Prolonged water-logging is also highly detrimental. The growth is arrested on the soils which are non-saline but have p^H>9 and also on the scils which have p^H<8.5 but with a salt content exceeding 1.0%. The species tolerates moderately calcareous soils and is able to grow satisfactorily on the soils having p^H < 9 and a soluble, salt content up to 0.3%. but still better growth is attained on a soil having p^H < 8.5 and soluble salt content <0.2%. The growth is also quite good on a light-textured alluvial soil which has adequate moisture supply as a result of high water table in the vicinity of a river. Provision of water in the initial stages of establishment is beneficial for the growth of this species under the local conditions. Systematic experiments are however required to be conducted to determine the most suitable watering or irrigation regime, soil-working and planting techniques and fertilizer application.

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R. C. Kaushik

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The impact of socio-economic forces on the forest management in India has been significant. The changes that have been brought out in forest management practices have been traced and suggestions for future outlined.

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R. C. Kaushik

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It is emphasised that nature conservation and forestry are inseparable. Forestry science developed out of need to preserve forests, the destruction of which earlier lead, Inter alia, consequent to deficient wood supplies and calamities resulting from too much water at times and too little when needed the most. Forestry, thus evolved itself as an organized profession for a concerted social action to conserve forest resources for supplies of goods and services to mankind in perpetuity. This,in fact, was the foundation of the concept of nature conservation also. Therefore, a sound uderstanding of natural equilibrium in a forest area and the judicious manipulation of the natural balance to obtain the needed produce and protection in perpetuity without jeopardising the productivity of the site, formed the very basis of scientific forestry right from its beginning over two centuries ago. Since its inception, forestry practice has squarely rested on the knowledge of nature and the science of forestry has consistently penetrated deeper in to the secrets of,nature to understand the phenomenon of growth in forest vegetation and its variation on different sites under different conditions. Later on, consequent to increased demand on forest produce due to increasing population coupled with overall economic development, the need for increasing productivity from a limited forest area became obvious in many parts of the world, particularly in regions deficient in natural forests. India is no exception to this development but the fundamental approach of the forester to maintain and improve the site to get increasing yields and indirect benefits has remained unchanged and it is indeed the mainstay of the intensive forestry practice involving not only heavy financial investment but also much higher order of professional competence, the yard-stick for which continues to be the conservation of the locality and the improvement of the site. Consistent with the concept of the multiple use of forests, which includes the preservation and conservation of both fauna and flora and the provision of the goods and services necessary for the welfare of a country, it is but natural that the practice of intensive forestry takes care of all the benefits accruing from forests-productive, protective and bio-aesthetic. This important aspect is adequately ensured in the practice of intensive forestry in India. Further, plantation forestry can provide adequate economic returns only on most productive sites. Therefore the bulk of the area continues to be maintained as natural forest since highly productive sites inside forest areas are very limited as out of 75 million ha of forests in the country, the plantations cover an area of about 1.3 million ha which is barely 1.7% of the total forest area. Much more needs to be done in this respect realising the fact that India has over 15% of the world's population on only 2.5% of the world's area with only 1.8% of the world's forest carrying an average growing stock of only 32 m³ per ha against the world's average of 110 m³ per ha.

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R. C. Kaushik , Bharat Singh

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Recent studies of timber trend and prospects in India have revealed a widening gap in the supply and demand of wood in the country. To meet this shortage, various short term and long term measures have been taken up in the country. One of the major steps in the direction of achieving this self-sufficiency in wood is in the form of raising of plantations of fast growing tree species. Under these schemes, plantation of various species have been tried in different parts of India. The success achieved in case of many species varies from good to indifferent depending upon the locality and other factors but one species which has shown promise in the early stages in a very wide range of climatic and edaphic conditions, right from sea-coast to the Himalayas, is Eucalyptus of Mysore origin, which has been recent1y shown to be mostly Eucalyptus tereticornis (Pryor, 1966 and Qureshi, 1966). As the identity of the species has not yet been fully established, the author will still prefer to call it by its popular name "Mysore-Gum". The present paper gives a review of the plantations of "Mysore-Gum" in some parts of India, based on the observations made on tours undertaken with the classes of the Indian Forest College. It primarily deals with the techniques of raising plantations and analyzes its future possibilities as a 'fast-growing' species in different parts of India.

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